For example, one does not find rabbits in pre-Cambrian geologic strata, which is consistent with paleontological theories on common descent through the study of morphology, and the relationship of genetic properties of rabbits relative to tetrapods and fish in terms of what is common and what is different. All of this physical evidence also lines up with the periods of time required for evolution from pre-Cambrian species to evolve into life we discover in subsequent periods up through today, where the geological periods are validated with the math that predicts the length of time required for evolution based on DNA evidence and its mutational and species time rates. Math that has been validated in the lab and through the constant discovery of transitional fossils and the geologic time frames where they are discovered.

Science is also constantly creating predictions of past events by way of hypotheses and then attempting to validate those hypotheses with field and lab work. The location for where to search for a species like Tiktaalik, and then finding it is an excellent example. Contrary to what this reader believes, science would be centuries behind where we are now in our understanding if it couldn’t explain and validate past events.

Another example of predicting and validating a past event is the common ancestry of our middle ear bone gene deriving from the upper jawbone of tetrapods, which derived from gill arches in fish. Not only have paleontologists shown the morphological evidence for this evolution, but its been confirmed in the lab by molecular biologists by inserting that gene from these species into different species and getting the predicted result. Our gene inserted into a developing fish embryo does not develop into our middle ear bone, but instead into a gill arch. The relevant gill arch gene when inserted into a tetrapod embryo doesn’t develop into a gill arch but instead into an upper jawbone. Both the discovery of Tiktaalik and the ancestry of our middle ear bone are peer-accepted findings and well reported in Neil Shubin’s book, “Your Inner Fish”. Shubin led the team that discovered Tiktaalik.

A second example of predicting a past event and then validating it is human chromosome 2. Given other primates have an additional set of chromosomes; molecular biologists predicted by hypothesis that two of our chromosomes must have fused; explaining why we would have one less set yet all other evidence argues for common ancestry with primates. As we became technologically capable of better observing DNA at a molecular level, we were able to test that hypothesis. We subsequently found that our #2 contains redundant telomeres and centromeres – strong evidence two chromosomes fused into one. To pile the evidence on even further, we were able to validate that part of Homo Sapiens’ #2 band correlates almost perfectly to chimpanzee chromosome 13. This provides another prime example of studying features today, predicting a past event, and then finding and validating a past event occurred by the discovery of physical evidence corroborating such. There are countless more examples of how science is able to predict and validate past events.

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